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Psilocybe yungensis
''Psilocybe yungensis'' is a species of psychedelic mushroom in the Strophariaceae family. In North America, it is found in northeast, central and southeastern Mexico. In South America, it has been recorded from Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is also known from the Caribbean island Martinique, and China. The mushroom grows in clusters or groups on rotting wood. The fruit bodies have conical to bell-shaped reddish- to orangish-brown caps that are up to in diameter, set atop slender stems long. The mushrooms stain blue when bruised, indicative of the presence of the compound psilocybin. ''Psilocybe yungensis'' is used by Mazatec Indians in the Mexican State of Oaxaca for entheogenic purposes.
==Taxonomy and classification==
The species was described as new to science by American mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith, based on specimens collected in Nor Yungas Province, Bolivia, on the road to La Paz to Coroico.〔 They published a short description in Latin in a 1958 ''Mycologia'' publication,〔 followed by a more detailed description in English later that year.〔 According to ''Psilocybe'' specialist Gastón Guzmán, the species ''Psilocybe acutissima'' (described by Roger Heim in 1958〔), and ''Psilocybe isauri'' (described by Singer in 1959〔) are synonyms, as both the macroscopic and microscopic features are the same in the type material of all three.〔 Singer considered ''P. isauri'' a species distinct from ''P. yungensis'' because of differences in the hairiness of the stem surface. Smith named the variety ''P. yungensis'' var. ''diconica'' for specimens he found with conical, rather than obconical (the form of an inverted cone) papilla. Similarly, the main distinguishing feature that Heim ascribed to ''P. acutissima'' was a papillate cap (somewhat resembling the shape of a female human breast). Later studies showed that these morphological variations did not warrant individual recognition, because of the variable nature of these characteristics, and the existence of intermediate forms.〔
Guzmán places ''P. yungensis'' in the section ''Cordisporae'', a grouping of ''Psilocybe'' species characterized primarily by having rhomboid spores less than 8 micrometers long.〔Guzmán (1983), p. 106.〕 The specific epithet ''yungensis'' refers to the name of the type locality.〔 The natives of Huautla de Jiménez and Mixe natives call ''P. yungensis'' a ''hongo adivinador'' ("divinatory mushroom"), ''hong que adormece'' ("soporific mushroom"), or ''hongo genio'' ("genius mushroom").〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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